How many sources for a research paper
Thursday, August 27, 2020
The Impact of NAFTA on Mexico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
The Impact of NAFTA on Mexico - Essay Example NAFTA was built up as an unhindered commerce understanding between Mexico, Canada and America and it has gotten one of the most discussed facilitated commerce understandings on the planet. While the Mexican economy has endured with regards to agrarian area, it has made enormous gains in different areas which have settled on the general effect of the consent to be sure for Mexico. As more examinations are made into the subject, the image is probably going to get more clear for every single concerned gathering yet starting at now, the NAFTA has been a gift for the Mexican economy instead of a revile. The North American Free Trade Agreement is generally known as NAFTA and it is a consent to advance unhindered commerce among the nations of America, Canada and Mexico. The understanding was marked into impact on the first of January in 1994 and it presently has stayed in actuality for over thirteen years ro date (World Bank Group, 2001). A comprehension of the financial impacts and the advantages of this understanding is significant for all understudies of financial aspects, human science and business since it influences every one of those fields of study. As an understanding between a creating nation and two nations which are considered financially created, the main recipient of the understanding appear to be enormous American companies that decide to send a piece of their tasks in Mexico or Canada (Hill, 2006). This advantage originates from the financial bit of leeway of brought down enlistment and Human Resource Cost for gifted and untalented work when contrasted with the uneconomical work showcase in America (Sayre and Morris, 2004). Moreover, American tasks supervisors and officials of organizations working in Mexico have the benefit of a better quality of living in Mexico since the average cost for basic items is lower.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Managing Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Overseeing Change - Essay Example Clients will in general lean toward those retail locations which serve them snappy. In spite of the fact that, ASDA is one of the biggest UK retail association, yet the examination has uncovered that clients need to stand by longer at ASDA when contrasted with Waitrose and Sainsburry (Mirror, 2006). ASDA is at the third number in the UK retail industry based on client holding up time. This circumstance is a difficult issue for any retail association. The administration of ASDA should take extensive measures so as to lessen the client holding up time and to ensure that the organization has most reduced conceivable client holding up time in the UK retail industry. For this reason, the administration needs to change a portion of the working gauges and techniques and alongside this needs to join new advancements. This change is significant so as to give the clients important shopping experience and ensure that there is high consumer loyalty. This thus will encourage the association durin g the time spent pulling in more clients and holding the present ones, in this way expanding the client base. So as to consolidate this change it is first essential to quantify the present execution, set new guidelines for the presentation and contrast the present execution and the new gauges. Therefore, the administration of ASDA needs to initially quantify the current lining time and set the new lining time. ... To merge enhancements produce still more change 8. To regulate new methodologies The administration of ASDA needs to initially convey to the representatives the significance of this choice and the suggestions for the entire association. Also, the association should distinguish and detail a gathering of individuals who can lead the change procedure. Their association should think of a legitimate vision which ought to be imparted to the workers and the representatives ought to have the necessary strengthening so as to make the important strides. The association should make transient achievements and wins and work on required upgrades. Aside from this the association ought to authorize an arrangement of legitimate control and checking for the nonstop improvement. There are a few inside and outside variables which will either bolster the change or oppose the change. It is significant for the association to consolidate the proper change the executives techniques so as to limit the negativ e powers and upgrade the positive powers (Markovic, 2008). One significant component during the time spent change the executives is concerning the administration of the obstruction. The majority of the progressions or change falls flat in view of the expanding obstruction (Atkinson, 2005). It is significance for the association to deal with the opposition viably and proficiently. In this specific case the high obstruction will be from the representatives of the retail association. So as to lessen the opposition with respect to the representatives, the administration of the association ought to include them simultaneously and execute the technique for participatory correspondence (Russ, 2008). Aside from this the administration of ASDA ought to likewise begin the preparation and advancement program for the representatives
Friday, August 21, 2020
Administration Essay Samples
Administration Essay SamplesTo finish a BBA administration with flying colors, there are a few things that can be done. From the beginning to the end of the program, you should spend time on the writing and editing process. A little extra effort during this time will pay off in a big way.One of the most basic administration essay samples is to format your work. This includes using different fonts, sub-headings, and page breaks. These factors may seem insignificant to some, but these do make a difference. For instance, it is difficult to read an essay with poor formatting. In addition, using the right fonts will help keep the reader focused on what you want them to read.One other example of a sample administration essay is to organize your paragraphs. You will need to look at your paragraphs and decide how many important points should be highlighted. The main point should be located in the first paragraph, and the secondary point should be found in the last paragraph.There are also se veral different ways that you can format an essay. Look for the best way to structure your essay. It may take a little work, but it is well worth it in the end.When you begin the process of writing your essay, you may find that administration essay samples can get quite long. The best way to start is to make use of good research tools. Use a dictionary to help with the definition of words and the use of an encyclopedia.Essays are great ways to convey your thoughts about your program. They will allow you to express what you have learned and what you would like to continue learning. If you want to talk about statistics or physics, try to make sure that you write the essay in a way that they are easy to understand.A good way to write your essay is to write from your perspective. Take note of your personal experiences, and how these helped to shape your knowledge base. The more personal your writing, the easier it will be for the reader to understand.Take extra attention to spelling and grammar. The spelling and grammar will not only help the reader, but will also make your essay more interesting. Overall, you should make sure that your essay does not contain any grammatical errors, nor does it use slang language.
Monday, May 25, 2020
A Case Study Of A Client Case Of Recurring Attention...
The objective of this paper is to present a case study of a client, J.W., who was seen at Mazique Pediatric PC with a chief complaint of recurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) -like symptoms and behavior changes. J.W. was first diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at age seven. The management process of his condition will include literature review regarding ADHD, epidemiological data, nursing and medical diagnoses with plans, treatments, evaluation with possible outcomes. Shuler Nurse Practitioner Practice Model will be used as a theoretical framework to structure and manage the care of this client. This model uses well-oriented holistic approach as it suggests how client interaction, assessment, intervention, and evaluation should occur (Bertalanffy, 1968, p. 11). This approach will reflect a combined role of nursing and medicine which will be put into practice when caring for clients. This case study will outline the process of utilizing this model in clinical practice, with the goal to promote health and prevent any other illness. Shulerââ¬â¢s approach is seen as a whole system that includes inputs, throughputs and outputs. The inputs comprise chief complaints, history of present illness and review of systems which are subjective data. The throughputs by Shuler emphasize problem identification based on performing thorough physical examination, recognizing clinical manifestations and doing work-ups to find the cause of his symptoms;Show MoreRelatedA Dsm Diagnosis Of The Client1267 Words à |à 6 Pagesof the client in the case study Unspecified feeding or eating disorder 307.50 (F50.9) Persistent Depressive Disorder 300.4(F34.1), with mixed features, partial remission, early onset, moderate Specific Learning Disorder 315.00(F81.0) with impairment in reading Alcohol Use Disorder, in early remission, 305.00(F10.10) Delirium 291.0(F10.121) Contributing factor; Grade Retention and Low self-esteem An explanation of your rationale for assigning the diagnosis on the basis of the DSM Case Study RationaleRead MoreA Short Note On The Russian s Theory1855 Words à |à 8 PagesIndividuals who had similar scaled scores in areas that Ms. Russian endorsed reported impairments in concentration and memory as well as sleep disturbances. Although Ms. Russianââ¬â¢s impairments in concentration and memory may be better explained by her ADHD diagnosis, it is possible that her experience of anxiety makes it difficult to focus on tasks. Additionally, her consistent patterns of disturbed sleep could be related to her high levels of anxiety. Somatic Symptoms Ms. Russianââ¬â¢s responses indicateRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder And Depression1705 Words à |à 7 Pages Other workers might deal with families that are being affected by a health disorder such as mental illness. Mental illness affects people of all ages. It does not discriminate against age, race, economic status or sex; anyone can be affected. Mental disorders range from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder to Depression. People with a mental disorder are not the only ones affected by the strain of having a disorder; their loved ones are affected as well. During adulthood being diagnosed withRead MoreMental Illness Paper1800 Words à |à 8 PagesMental Illness Paper Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is real illness that can be treated with medicine and therapy. When have OCD, you have recurring, upsetting thoughts (called obsessions). You repeat doing the same thing, over and over again (called compulsions) to make the thoughts go away. And, you feel like you cannot control or stop these thoughts or actions. The obsessions, or upsetting thoughts, can include things like a fear of germs, a fear of begin hurt, a fear of hurting others
Thursday, May 14, 2020
Swot Analysis A Pestel Essay - 1645 Words
A PESTEL analysis is a technique used to assess the external factors that may impact a firm (Cadle, et al. 2010). Political â⬠¢ Operations in more than 70 countries including 23 refineries worldwide consolidating its presence as a global leader (Shell Global 2016). â⬠¢ Engages in exploration in all continents. â⬠¢ Political turmoil in some of the countries it occupies like Nigeria may influence its operations and sales. Economic â⬠¢ Oil prices have risen and raising issues of supply as well as high taxation from the government (Friedman 2016). â⬠¢ The use of expensive technology to undertake exploration requires heavy investment. Social â⬠¢ Shell needs to ensure the health and safety of its personnel because they handle harmful chemicals such as ethanol. â⬠¢ The company faces litigations from human rights lobby groups in some countries. For instance, Shell Nigeria experienced gas flares in 2010 that caused social unrest from affected communities to the point of legal suites against the company (Mason 2010). Technological â⬠¢ Shell is investing in smart technology that is assisting in oil and gas explorations around the world. Environmental â⬠¢ A surge in natural gas exploration is raising questions on the implications of drilling on the ground ââ¬â it leads to spilling. Legal â⬠¢ Global regulations on oil and gas exploration, manufacturing and delivery. â⬠¢ Safety and health regulation. â⬠¢ Environment sustainability and carbon emission stipulation. C. Porterââ¬â¢s Five Forces ModelShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis And Pestel Analysis979 Words à |à 4 Pagesnetworking segments: Google plus, Google glass and, Virtual reality platform in the company. In this paper Alphabet is deeply analyzed using the tools like SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis to derive recommendations for the problems that company is facing currently. Meaning of Analysis: Analysis intends to split something up into parts, Analysis pieces, reasons, or steps and take a gander at how those pieces are identified with each other. Examination more often than not runs together with blend sinceRead MoreA Swot Analysis : A Pestel Analysis1072 Words à |à 5 PagesA PESTEL analysis is a tool or framework for marketers. It can be used to analyse and screen the external marketing environment of an organisation. This strategic management instrument gauges the macro environmental factors, which make decision taking significantly simpler. ARDEN UNIVERSITY PESTEL ANALYSIS POLITICAL ELEMENT FACTOR EFFECT ON ARDEN UNIVERSITY BREXIT Potential danger of environmental policy and legislation change Changes to taxes An increase in the tax level would most likely reduceRead MoreSwot And Pestel Analysis Of Hulu1550 Words à |à 7 PagesSWOT PESTEL SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS TV show abundance Partner with ABC, NBC, FOX ââ¬ËCriterion Collectionââ¬â¢ ââ¬â classic movies WEAKNESSES Ads Limited movie selection Limited streaming capabilities OPPORTUNITIES Better TV series content International growth Sports partnerships Mobile device industry THREATS Netflix/Amazon Cable TV Illegal streaming Strengths: à · TV show abundance ââ¬â moving into their own live TV provider à · Has recently started offering subscription servicesRead MoreAdidas Swot and Pestel Analysis7037 Words à |à 29 PagesAlexandria higher Institute of Engineering and Technology Engineering Economy (EM 431) ADIDAS SWOT and PESTEL Analysis Name Ahmed Fawzy El-Safty Esraa Ahmed Tawfeek Submitted by: Section 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 No. 13 21 29 31 38 63 65 74 Aya Abd-El Razak Mohamed Aya Hesham El-Shenaway Basma Medhat Abd El-Zaher Ali Mahmoud Soliman Omar Ali Fahmy Katary Karim Mohamed Abd El-Salam Submitted to: Dr. Islam Nazier Page 1 of 19 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ..............Read MoreSwot and Pestel Analysis for Ikea Singapore3046 Words à |à 13 Pages----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 - 6 * Introduction of Company SWOT ANALYSIS of IKEA ------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 - 8 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS (GENERAL ENVIRONMENT - PESTEL) ----------------- 9 - 10 * Explanation of General Environment * Political Forces * Economic Conditions * Socio-cultural Conditions * Technological Changes * Environment Factors * Legal Factors EXTERNAL ANALYSIS (COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT) ------------------------- 11 - 13 * Intensity ofRead MoreSwot and Pestel Analysis for Ikea Singapore3062 Words à |à 13 Pages----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 - 6 * Introduction of Company SWOT ANALYSIS of IKEA ------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 - 8 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS (GENERAL ENVIRONMENT - PESTEL) ----------------- 9 - 10 * Explanation of General Environment * Political Forces * Economic Conditions * Socio-cultural Conditions * Technological Changes * Environment Factors * Legal Factors EXTERNAL ANALYSIS (COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT) ------------------------- 11 - 13 * IntensityRead MoreTesla Analysis(Pestel Tows Swot ...)1522 Words à |à 7 PagesPestel : Politicalà and legal: * strong impact of lobby * unions are powerful in US * subsidies to support Ramp;D for alternative cars technologies (ex: governments supports investment in hydrogen powered vehicle research) * US government currently offers economic incentives to encourage electric vehicle ownership * Voluntary export restraints : 1981 Reagan administration to control exportations * Reinforcement of laws concerning safety of customers Economic: *Read MorePestel, Porter s 5 Forces, And Swot Analysis1459 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe organisation in the market, a situational analysis is conducted on the firm, describing its market and strategic strongholds, as well as weaknesses. For a clear explanation of the organisationââ¬â¢s situation, the PESTEL, Porterââ¬â¢s 5 Forces, and SWOT analysis will be conducted. It will provide a better understanding of the state of the firm, with a consideration of internal and external factors. 2.1 Pestle Analysis please see appendix 1 PESTEL analysis focuses on evaluating the external market throughRead MoreWalt Disney: Swot, Pestel and Porter Analysis Essay3375 Words à |à 14 PagesSUBJECT: Walt Disney: SWOT, PESTEL and Porter analysis Introduction 2 Pestel analysis 2 Political factors 2 Economic factors 3 Social factors 3 Technological factors 4 Environmental factors 4 Porterââ¬â¢s Five forces model 5 New entrants 5 Buyers 5 Substitutes 6 Suppliers 6 Competitors 6 Swot analysis 7 Strengths 7 Weaknesses 8 Opportunities 9 Improvement of customer relations strategy 9 Advertising Growth 9 Differentiation 9 Read MoreSwot and pestel analysis of tv industry in uk1848 Words à |à 8 Pagesanalysis of tv industry in uk The television industry in the U.K has seen a major change in its structure since the merger of Granada and Carlton. The pair have completed an 4.6 billion merger which is an major landmark in the television industry. The merger increases ITV television advertising market hold to 52%. This enlargement of the company has significantly increased ITV impact on the competitive side of the market. Mrs Hewitt regional franchises quoted ITV would be better equipped to compete
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Consent For Marriage By Mr. Darcy - 1058 Words
Willingness to consent for marriage with a loved one is a logical and emotional decision. In order to sensibly bring two people together, domestic ideology encompasses genuine emotional interest. During the analyzed passage, Mr. Darcy is proposing to Elizabeth for the second time. This signifies personal growth within Mr.Darcy as he lets go of prejudice and doesnââ¬â¢t let his pride get the best of him. Rather than continuously critiquing each other, they allow emotion to influence their thoughts. Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth realize that theyââ¬â¢re not always initially correct, which signifies a release of pride. The proposal demonstrates the joy that Mr. Darcy feels and conveys that the combination of status and contract can create these immense amounts of happiness within a person. The characteristics of Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy combine within himself, as well as within his marriage due to the marrying of a genteel. The differences in the characteristics between Mr. Darcy and Eli zabeth demonstrate that lower classes can influence upper classes, and that each have beneficial qualities. Mr. Darcy exuberates this change as he is reluctant that sheââ¬â¢ll say yes, unlike the first time that he proposed. He does not expect a yes simply because of status or due to her being a woman. He values the opinion of someone who is lower class, and he feels it is morally correct to show that he wants to be a gentleman. Mr. Darcyââ¬â¢s second marriage proposal signals the triumph of domestic ideology byShow MoreRelatedComparing The Regency Era And The Current Decade. Class Issues, Racial Barriers, And Heredity1300 Words à |à 6 PagesEra, he stated, ââ¬Å"marriage was a womanââ¬â¢s goal and fulfillment, it was a womanââ¬â¢s career- a doctrine accepted by all of Austenââ¬â¢s heroinesâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (Lauber 26). In addition, marriage was crucial for women because there were few occupations open to females during the time period. A woman could rarely become c onsidered an independent because job opportunities that would pay well and be considered a reverential career were not available; therefore, women relied on inheriting money through marriage (Jane Austen InformationRead MorePride and Predujice by Jane Austen986 Words à |à 4 Pages It is also the case of story of Lydia Bennet and her elopement with Mr Wickham. It was perceived as a disaster, but for the modern reader it can be rather incomprehensible. Why was Lydiaââ¬â¢s elopement so scandalous? Kristen Koster is explaining why it was more difficult for couples to get married than before: in 1753 The Marriage Act, or the Hardwicke Act, was published. It was preventing couples from hasty and secret marriages, because it required the reading of the Banns ââ¬â Banns were read everyRead MoreThe Relationship between Elizabeth and Darcy in Pride and Prejudice938 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Relationship between Elizabeth and Darcy in Pride and Prejudice In the 19th century, a controversy arose over what the true foundation and purpose for marriage should be. The basis of this conflict was whether one should let reason or emotion be the guide of their love life and if a balance between the two could be maintained. The relationship between Elizabeth and Darcy in Jane Austens book Pride and Prejudice depicts such a balance, thus becoming the model for Austens definition of aRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1533 Words à |à 7 PagesIn today s society, marriage is a significant bond that must be on the basis of love and understanding. Marriage is a relationship described as more for love and emotion rather than convenience or money. Through the experience of Lydia and Wickham, Charlotte and Collins, and Elizabeth and Darcy, Austen criticizes marriages based on infatuation, convenience and money, and emphasizes that marriage can only be successful if they are founded on mutual love. In the novel Pride and Prejudice, AustenRead MoreThe Woman Of A Tradesman Essay1537 Words à |à 7 Pagesrecently discovered love won t meddle with her freedom and independence: Mr. Knightley as of now has a fortune of his own and even consents to move into Hartfield after their marriage. In spite of the fact that Emma is unmistakably a flight from the usual and ordinary Austen s depiction of women, the other female characters in the novel bring to light the challenges confronting ladies without monetary autonomy. Miss Bates, Jane Fairfax, and Harriet Smith represent three conceivable situationsRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1066 Words à |à 5 Pagesof the story, Elizabeth ââ¬Å"Lizzyâ⬠Bennet. She is the second daughter to Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. She obtains quick-witted and a little bit sassy throughout the story. Highly agreeable, clever, and honest, Lizzy will not let anybody get in the way of what she truly wants. Next is the antagonist of the story, Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy. He is known throughout the story as Mr. Darcy, and throughout most of the story, in the public eye, Darcy seems uncareful and sometimes overly honest. He can come off kind ofRead MoreWhy Is Lydiaââ¬â¢s Elopement Perceived As a Disaster and How Does It Affect the Relationship of Elizabeth and Darcy?963 Words à |à 4 Pages It is also the case of story of Lydia Bennet and her elopement with Mr Wickham. It was perceived as a disaster, but for the modern reader it can be rather incomprehensible. Why was Lydiaââ¬â¢s elopement so scandalous? Kristen Koster is explaining why it was more difficult for couples to get married then before: in 1753 The Marriage Act, or the Hardwicke Act, was published. It was preventing couples from hasty and secret marriages, because it required the reading of the Banns ââ¬â Banns were read everyRead MoreThe Austen Marriage1601 Words à |à 7 Pagesfemales in Pride and Prejudice have their moral values reflected in their marriage. They each have a predetermined standard ââ¬â whether it is love or monetary gain, or superficial or complex ââ¬â of what constitutes a marital relationship. According to Zimmerman, ââ¬Å"the character from whose point of view much of the action is seen is Elizabethâ⬠(67). She is either the one being married or is the one giving opinion on anotherââ¬â¢s marriage. Jane Austen utilizes Elizabeth as the crux of the plotââ¬â¢s movement entrenchingRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1589 Words à |à 7 Pagesand marriage. Pride and Prejudi ce depicts the commotion of a town called Longbourn by the arrival of Mr. Bingley, a wealthy man. At the beginning of the novel, Mrs. Bennet is trying to marry one of her five daughters-Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty, or Lydia-to Bingley. When Mr. Bingley meets Jane at a ball, he is immediately attracted to her. Yet Mr. Darcy, Bingleyââ¬â¢s friend, is increasingly hostile towards Elizabeth. Jane and Bingley continue to get more acquainted with each other, while Darcy beginsRead MoreThe Price Of Love By Jane Austen1315 Words à |à 6 Pagesnovel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, the concept of marriage is presented in the form of a contract, true sense of love, and what society deems is acceptable, which leads to different outcomes as a result of the actions taken throughout the novel. The union of marriage during this period of time was highly prioritized within society. While it was prioritized by society, there were different motives behind the holy union. Marriage was seen as an accomplishment and way of life in some eyes
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Critical Review on Proteomics of Fruit Development
Question: Discuss about the Critical Review on Proteomics of Fruit Development. Answer: Introduction: Carbohydrate is an essential element for the growth and development of human body along with restoring the building blocks of life. Fruits and vegetable contribute to a massive chunk of the carbohydrate along with vitamins and minerals into the daily food intake that we do. Fruits have high nutritional value and are first choice of dietary intake of physicians and nutritionists. Fruits are infused with variety of vitamins, fibre and phytochemicals that are highly beneficial to the human body (Kuang et al. 2013). Therefore the value of fruits in the needs of the human population is paramount with the rapidly decreasing life style standards and feeding habits of the society. According to a lot of physicians increasing the daily fruit intake can have a profound beneficial effect on the health and wellbeing of the individuals (Lin et al. 2012). Furthermore, fruits are considered to be the most abundant source of natural sugars and are beneficial for the horde of diabetics as well. So it has become a mandate for the scientific research to focus on improving the fruit quality in terms of taste, firmness and nutrition. Along the years there have been a myriad of scientific research committed to the betterment of the fruit quality and its nutritional value, some have been successful and some not very successful. The focus of this critical review is on the proteomic analysis of two fruits with very high market value across the globe and is consumed by a vast majority. The purpose behind proteomic study to determine fruit quality and ways to improve it lies in the interlinked genetic mechanisms and the protein expression background. It has to be considered that fruit quality is a decisive factor in determining the market value of the fruits considered and affects not only the consumers but also the retailers and the taste and quality attributes are governed by intricate genetic pathways and altering these pathways or even just attempting to alter them would require thorough genomic and proteomic analysis of the genera (McAtee, Karim and Schaffer 2013). This essay attempts to criticize two such attempt s, focusing on the genetics and proteomics of fruit quality development taking the aid of two articles and evaluate the achievements and drawbacks of both of them. The first article under the spotlight for this critical review is on the proteomic analysis of apple, by Mingjun Li and his co-authors (Li et al. 2016). This research study focuses on identification of the proteomic analysis of all the regulatory pathways associated with fruit development and sugar and acid accumulation in the apples during the developmental stages. In more detail, the research paper explains the proteomics of the apple fruit development across five growth stages along with metabolomic profiling. In this research study the researchers have applied the TMI (tandem mass tag) proteomic analysis approach to identify and quantify a variety of proteins (Li et al. 2016). This research study has identified some key switches in the signalling cascades that will prove to be instrumental in constructing a global view on the proteomics of fruit development (Li et al. 2016). The study by Li et al. 2016 focussed primarily on the proteomics and metabolomics of the fruit development phenomenon. Where a proteomic analysis gives a clear idea of the protein sequence of the genera, the metabolomic study gives the details of the metabolites produced, a thorough idea of both the aspects are critical to find ways to exploit the fruit development pathway according to our benefits. Previous studies suggest that the metabolic pathways and accumulation of carbohydrates in apple and genera alike are strictly developmental stage dependent (Nogueira et al. 2012). In the early developmental stages very low levels of sugars and high levels of organic acids accumulate in the fruit (Razzaq et al., 2013). As the developmental stages progress the rate of carbohydrate metabolism slows down and the sugar concentration inside the fruit increases exponentially, which elevates the taste and sweetness of the fruit at the maturation stage. It has to be considered that the solids accumulated throughout the developmental stages contribute largely to the taste of the fruit, a vital element of fruit quality. For the entire study by Li et al. 2016, the first variable evaluated was the fresh weight or soluble solid content, the soluble sugars and organic acids accumulated inside the fruit were analysed via GC-MS (Chagn et al. 2012). The next assessment was of the free amino acids using the liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection technique by Li. The proteomic analysis demands the optimal extraction and characterization of the proteins accumulated, which in the study was done using HPLC technique and statistical analysis of the data collected was done by BLAST alignment (Li et al. 2016). Their results showed some key factors in the developmental genetics of the apple fruit family; the experiment quantified 6247 proteins out of which 3713 were in overlapped sequences, contributing to particular gene products. The ANOVA analysis identified 7785 genes out of approximately 63541 genes that are expressed during the fruit development. Appreciation is due for this research to identify almost 12.3% of the entire transcriptome of apple (Li et al. 2016). Now their next initiative was to assign the proteins identified with annotated transcriptome. The dynamic genetic reprogramming yielded the identification of 8 clusters having differential expression pattern. The study discovered four clusters out of them to have no effect on the development stages and found K1 and K2 cluster to have profound role in the development procedure (Li et al. 2016). Hormonal signalling also plays a vital role in the quality and taste of the fruit, and the study shed light on the hormonal regulation involved in the developmental pathway as well, furthermore, the study discovered 132 proteins to be involved in cell wall construction and 275 to be related to internal barrier development and found 94 proteins in total to be involved in sugar transport and accumulation cycle. The fruit quality is heavily dependent on the taste and nutritional value of it therefore this discovery no doubt is commendable (Eccher et al. 2014). The next study under consideration for this critical review is the iTRAQ based protein profiling of oriental melon by Guo et al. 2017. Despite this study focussing on oriental melon as a sample, which is a popular exotic fruit for its nutritional properties, the study bears a lot of similarities to the previous study. In this study the technique chosen for protein profiling is iTRAQ, using isobaric labelling to obtain relative and absolute quantification of the protein sequence. Similar to the previous research study this study was also focussed on protein profiling at different developmental stages, however the variables analysed were different (Guo et al. 2017). Soluble solid content also contributes to the sweetness of the fruit, a key factor rightly capture by the second article, along with its soluble sugar content using refractometer like the previous study (Guo et al. 2017). The study nest analysed the ethylene content of the fruit via extraction using chromatography. Volatile compound analysis was the next step in line in this study followed by the protein extraction using acetone precipitation technique. The last few step that completed this protein profiling study were iTRAQ analysis, LC-MS analysis and protein identification and bioinformatic analysis followed by real time PCR to replicate the coded cDNA (Guo et al. 2017). Their attempt was to evaluate the protein profiling for the genera of oriental melon and find out key switches in the developmental procedure that will improve the fruit quality if manipulated. The results of the study was very simplified and articulated, the SSC count increased in the early developmental period and then gradually decreased as the fruit progressed towards ripening and maturation. Hence it can be concluded from the study that the key genetic switches are in the early developmental processes, and manipulation of any of the genetic pathway later on will do nothing to improve the taste or nutritional value of the fruit. The volatile compound analysis revealed 17 esters, 12 alcohols, 4 aldehydes and 4 acidic compounds to be present in the fruit that contributed to the exotic aroma of the melon. The protein analysis study revealed the presence of differentially expressing proteins across four developmental stages, and to further investigate the protein profiling for these about 1694 proteins were analysed using hierarchical clustering. This study analysed 4 clusters of proteins each showing different functions at different stages (Guo et al. 2017). Now a thorough understanding of the expression pattern of these protein clusters can reveal key information can aid in exploiting the fruit quality, hence it can be concluded that it is a step in the right direction for the study. In order to critically compare the efficacy and drawbacks of both articles any further, it is important to tally their findings, and the conclusion each study has drawn based on the findings reflecting the quality development. The first article on Malus could successfully identify that cell production progresses on a vigorous rate in early developmental stages, they could also identify that the protein expression at this stage is much higher than the rest of the stages. The authors described that the protein expression and changes to the core cell cycle progresses with fruit development, a conclusion very similar to the previous studies (Li, Feng and Cheng 2012). The study could identify key kinases and auxin response factor involved with the fruit development procedure but could not assign QTLs to these key proteins, so that it becomes easier for them to characterize the expression pattern of that particular sequence. Both articles verified the role of proteins expressing in the ear ly stages of development as expected, but there are hardly any significant similarities in the proteins. The study attempted to explain the genetic trajectory associated with Malus in intricate detail that can be instrumental in improving the fruit quality quite commendably. As the previous studies suggested the predominant two sugars that are generally accumulated in the fruit are sorbitol and sucrose as explained by Ma 2012. The study could describe with clarity the protein expression involved in the phloem transport and accumulation of these two sugars. However, not enough information was available on the signalling mechanism of the key enzymes of metabolism of these sugars (Ma 2012). However the protein expression details were well articulated in the thesis paper encompassing all the key proteins involved in the procedures which can be really helpful in the conduction of further studies. On the other hand the second article on oriental melon discussed only about the metabolic pathway, completely neglecting the genetic and signalling aspect of the development and maturation procedure. The first segment in the discussion was focussed around alpha linolenic acid metabolism, a key organic acid that is first accumulated in the melon fruit. However, we could gather substantial information about the key enzymes involve with metabolic pathway of the said acid like the ADH or AAT, enzymes vital for the alcohol and ester formation that contribute to the volatile properties for the fruit (Cohen, Elkabetz and Edelstein 2016). The role of ADH in the coloration of the fruit was another verification of the research study, however previous articles suggest that this particular hydrogenase is responsible for colour development of a number of berries as well, therefore we can assume this hydrogenase can be a conserved sequence, and the vital information curated by the paper will be us eful in determining the pathways of colour development of many other fruit families (Cohen, Elkabetz and Edelstein 2016). Apart from the detailed description of alpha Linolenic acid, the study further diversifies into starch and sucrose metabolism, another decisive factor in fruit quality. As the fruit quality heavily depends on fruit taste, a transparent understanding about the sugar accumulation is of much importance to scientific research. As the previous studies suggest, the very first carbohydrates to be accumulated in the fruits are glucose and fructose, along with sucrose (Cohen, Elkabetz and Edelstein 2016). Sucrose is considered the most valuable sugar present in the fruits for not only its contribution to the taste and flavour of the fruit but is also a catalyst to the production of other valuable components of a ripened fruit. The study focussed on the Sucrose synthetase and sucrose phosphate synthetase enzyme, vital for sucrose synthesis to better understand the molecular mechanism of sucrose synthesis and transport (Cohen, Elkabetz and Edelstein 2016). The mechanism of up and down-regulatio n of the SPS protein was clearly explained in the study however, the transcriptomic switches were not discussed in detail. The glycolytic pathway was also critically analysed which gave a clear insight on the ATP generation and it contribution to sugar accumulation in the fruit but the study heavily lacked the genetic and trancriptome analysis with the thesis paper being focussing on protein profiling as the title suggested (Guo et al. 2017). The first article however provided vital information about the genetic network of the carbohydrate accumulation in the fruit during the development, that can be vital for exploiting their pathways to improve the fruit quality. Two comprehensive studies on the efficacy of SUC4 protein showed that the protein is crucially involved in the phloem unloading by Wei et al., 2014 and Li et al., 2012, this study further enhanced the knowledge on this mechanism by validating that the SUC4 expression surges parallel with the progression of the developmental stages of the fruit (Wei et al. 2014). Another remarkable discovery of the paper was the discovery of analogues of the hexose transporters, SOT1 and SOT2, involved with the post phloem loading of sorbitol. The study proved true to its claim by discussing a substantial amount about the genetics of the fruit development however, it similarly lacked in discussion about the metabolomics (Guo et al. 2017). Although the paper was able to discuss a bout the glycolytic pathway and the enzymes involved in general but did not provide any specific information about the accumulation of the sugars and its metabolic pathways (Monforte et al. 2014). On a concluding note it can be said that both the papers lacked one or the other section to be discussed. Where the first article on apple explained all the details on the proteomic level, characterizing the proteins that are instrumental in the fruit development and with careful manipulation can contribute to the improved quality of the fruit, vastly neglected the metabolomic analysis. The second article in spite of being on protein profiling, was more focussed on explaining the metabolic pathways of the different sugars and organic acids that are accumulated in the fruit responsible for the colour and taste development of the fruit than evaluating the protein expression patterns. However the information provided by both the papers are appreciable and can prove to be instrumental in further research studies that could shed light on the expression patterns of the proteins in the early developmental stages of the fruit development, and can be instrumental in the manipulation of these protein expression pathways to improve the quality of such fruits with high market value exponentially. References: Chagn, D., Crowhurst, R.N., Troggio, M., Davey, M.W., Gilmore, B., Lawley, C., Vanderzande, S., Hellens, R.P., Kumar, S., Cestaro, A. and Velasco, R., 2012. Genome-wide SNP detection, validation, and development of an 8K SNP array for apple.PLoS one,7(2), p.e31745. Chagn, D., Krieger, C., Rassam, M., Sullivan, M., Fraser, J., Andr, C., Pindo, M., Troggio, M., Gardiner, S.E., Henry, R.A. and Allan, A.C., 2012. QTL and candidate gene mapping for polyphenolic composition in apple fruit.BMC Plant Biology,12(1), p.12. Cohen, R., Elkabetz, M. and Edelstein, M., 2016. 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The high-quality draft genome of peach (Prunus persica) identifies unique patterns of genetic diversity, domestication and genome evolution.Nature genetics,45(5), pp.487-494. Wei, X., Liu, F., Chen, C., Ma, F. and Li, M., 2014. The Malus domestica sugar transporter gene family: identifications based on genome and expression profiling related to the accumulation of fruit sugars.Frontiers in plant science,5, p.569.
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